Urinary tract infection was one of the major common bacterial infections affect the women, & 50% to 60% of adult women may experience a UTI during their entire lifetime. When there was recurrent infection with the same organism in spite of giving adequate therapy, it was considered as a relapse. Reinfection was defined as recurrent […]

Female urinary stress incontinence was the involuntary release of urine while performing any physical activity that that will keeps pressure on your bladder. This potentially embarrassing condition will be vary from the general incontinence in that it will happens when a body was under immediate physical stress. Activities which will deposit stress on your bladder […]

Urinary Stones or Urolithiasis is the formation of calculi (or) stones anywhere in the urinary system (or) tract that includes bladder stones, kidney stones , urethral stones and ureteric stones. Urinary calculi (or) stones are the most common cause of acute urethral obstruction. 5% of women and 12% of male are effecting with this urolithiasis. Renal stones remain asymptomatic […]

Contracture of bladder neck was uncommon condition which will occur in men after prostate operation. Different telescopic procedures are commonly performed for benign enlargement of the prostate, known as benign prostate hyperplasia. This condition may be treated with medication or by telescopic surgical removal of a portion of the prostate gland. Following such surgical procedures […]

What is Ureteric Reimplantation? A ureteral reimplant was the operation to change the location of the ureters into the bladder. The ureters are the tubes that will drain the urine from the kidney to the bladder. The treatment will stops reflux of the urine from the bladder into the kidney/s or relieves barrier of the […]

Duplication of the ureters, usually called as the renal duplication. It was the most common anomaly of the urinary tract. Duplication can be any complete or incomplete and was generally accompanied by various risks and complications. Incomplete duplication was most frequently related along with ureteroureteral reflux or ureteropelvic junction obstruction of lower pole of the […]

A fistula was an abnormal hole in the bladder or the bowel. A recto-urethral fistula was a hole in between the urethra (urinary channel) & the rectum. This hole may leads to the leakage of urine into the rectum & feces travelling into the bladder. A recto-urethral fistula was characterized by a abnormal connection of […]

Pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction, was also called as the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction, will be one of the cause of an obstructive uropathy. Urine which was produced by the kidney was transiently stored in renal pelvis before coming down the ureter towards the bladder. In some people the junction in between the renal pelvis & the ureter was […]

Megaureter (“large ureter”) will be occurs when a ureter was wider than 3/8 of an inch. This will result from an defect of the ureter itself (primary) or from the blockage of the bladder (secondary).  Obstructed Megaureter: This type was seen when the ureter was too thin where it will enters the bladder. This block […]

Stress Urinary Incontinence : Female urinary stress incontinence was the involuntary release of urine while performing any physical activity that that will keeps pressure on your bladder. This potentially embarrassing condition will be vary from the general incontinence in that it will happens when a body was under immediate physical stress. Read more Urinary Incontinence : […]

Generally urine will flows starting from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder. But vesicoureteral reflux is termed as the back flow of urine from the bladder into the kidneys. Along with the pressure of urine in the bladder, the muscles of the bladder and ureters, prevents urine from flowing back through the ureters. Vesicoureteral Reflux allows the bacteria, which are there […]

A vesicostomy is a temporary, surgical treatment of bladder opening to the outside of the body i.e. lower belly that will allow urine to drain, and prevents the urinary tract infection or any other major damage to the kidneys. Generally infants or children below 5 years require a vesicostomy for the following reasons: If the child is […]

Urethral diverticulum (UD) is a situation where the variably sized “pocket” or outpouching forms after to the urethra. Since it often connects to the urethra, this outpouching frequently gets filled with urine through the act of urination thereby causing symptoms. CAUSES: The origin of acquired UD has now-a-days been attributed to repetitive infections and obstruction […]

The cancer that is originating from the urethra (The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body) is termend as urethral cancer. And was affecting both male or female urethra but most frequently affects women rather than men.  Primary urethral cancer is an extremely rare lesion for this reason, it is often hard to treat primary urethral […]

Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction was defined as an blockage of the urine flow which is from the renal pelvis to the proximal ureter. Congenital abnormalities are observed in both children and adults, but adults may also suffered with UPJ obstruction followed by previous surgery or other disorders that may cause inflammation to the upper urinary tract. […]

A ureterocele is a birth imperfection that will affects the bladder, kidney and ureter. When a person is suffering from ureterocele, the segment of the ureter closest to the bladder will bulges up like a balloon due to the ureteral opening is very small and obstructs urine outflow. As the urine flow is blocked, urine […]

Ureteric calculi (or) stones that obstruct a patient’s ureter originates in his kidney. They are usually painless while they remain in the kidney, but they cause severe pain when small pieces leave the kidney and travel through the narrow tubes (ureters) to the bladder. Between 5-12% of the whole population may have a ureteric stone […]

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is considered one of the most common genetic disorders. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a hereditary disorder, which usually manifest during third and fourth decade of life with varied symptomatology notably abdominal pain, urinary tract infection, hematuria and hypertension.  A large number of patients along with ADPKD finally […]

Posterior urethral valves were the obstructing flaps of the tissue in the male urethra (a tube which carries urine from the bladder till the penis tip) that may prevent normal flow of the urine from the bladder.  They were the main cause of urinary tract (bladder, kidneys, ureters and urethra: the organs that produce the […]

A urethral stricture was a scarring in or surrounding the urethra that will narrows or blocks the passageway by which urine will flows from the bladder. These strictures can result from injury, inflammation or infection, and was much more frequent in men compared with the women. The scarring may occur somewhere in between the bladder and […]

Overactive bladder was a problem with bladder-storage and function that may cause a sudden urge to urinate. This urge may be very difficult to stop & overactive bladder can lead to the involuntary loss of urine. More than 40% of people who are suffering with overactive bladder will have incontinence. While about 40% – 70% of […]

Neurogenic bladder dysfunction, sometimes merely referred to as neurogenic bladder, it was a dysfunction of the urinary bladder because attack of disease to the central nervous system or peripheral nerves. Circumstances like stroke, disk herniation, parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and other nervous system abnormalities may result in neurogenic bladder. SYMPTOMS: The general symptoms of neurogenic bladder are majorly incapable to control urination. Other […]

Meatal stenosis was an abnormal condition of narrowing the urethral meatus in males. This refers to the size of opening at the penis tip. This condition is generally attained but may exist from birth. Meatal stenosis is the most commonly related with circumcision and is occasionally observed in uncircumcised males. It is possible that the […]

Heminephrectomy is a surgery done to remove a part of ‘duplex’ kidney. Most duplex kidneys are uncomplicated and won’t cause any symptoms. Occasionally, it is seen by doing ultrasound for other reasons. In some patients with a duplex kidney, one part won’t develop properly (dysplasia) and poor functioning. In some other patients, problems occur with […]

To break a kidney stone into small pieces by using shock waves Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is used, and these small pieces can easily travel through the urinary tract. These waves are high-energy shock waves. ESWL is the commonly used tool in the urologists armamentarium for the treatment of midureteral stones, renal stones, proximal stones. Comparing […]

Duplication of urethra is uncommon birth defect in which the urethra is duplicated. The degree of the duplication is changeable with a whole duplication of the urethra but it is very rare condition. Complete duplication includes 2 external urinary outlets which resulting in 2 urinary streams. SYMPTOMS: Duplicated urinary stream Obstructed bladder outflow tract Frequent […]

The Urologist will performs diagnostic cystoscopy to study instance like urinary tract infections, blood in the urine, bladder control issues, abnormal cells found in the urine, pain while passing urine, prostate issues, bladder stones, polyps, tumors or cancer. Diagnostic cystoscopy will also used in conjunction with placement of a bladder catheter. PROCEDURE: Diagnostic cystoscopy was usually […]

Most bladder stones can be remove by the procedure called endoscopic (telescope) procedure, to avoid the usage of a surgical incision. If stones are very big, it is more often best to do an open surgery is as called cystolithotomy. Cystolithotomy is the surgical removal of bladder stones through a lower abdominal incision.  PROCEDURE OF CYSTOLITHOTOMY: […]

A clam cystoplasty is a quite major surgery, in this method the bladder is enlarged by insertion of a segment of patient’s bowel (usually the small intestine) into the bladder wall. High pressures that develop in the bladder may cause urgency and urinary leakage. Rarely this pressure in the bladder may be high enough that […]

A bladder diverticulum is a pouch in the bladder wall, where by mucosa herniates from the bladder wall. They may be solitary or multiple in nature and can vary in different sizes. A person may effects either be born (congenital) with or get later (acquired). Congenital diverticula are generally diagnosed in childhood or on prenatal […]

Tumors which are form in the bladder is termed as bladder cancer (bladder is a balloon-shaped organ, made generally of muscle. Bladder will stores the urine until you are ready to pass the urine). Transitional cell (or) urothelial carcinoma is the very common type of bladder cancer.  Most bladder cancers are nonmuscle invasive. SUPERFICIAL BLADDER CANCER: It […]

The main function of urethra in both female and males was to pass urine outside from the body. This thin tube may also have an vital role in ejaculation in men. When a scar occurs from swelling, injury or infection blocks or slows down the flow of the urine in this tube, it is termed […]

Surgical managing of nephrolithiasis has altered dramatically in the last few decades. While previously most of the patients required an open surgical approach but today less invasive procedures, such as extracorporeal shock waves lithotripsy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PNL), ureterorenoscopy (URS) has promoted a rapid decline in the utilize of open surgery for the both ureteral […]

 The prostate is an important organ in the male reproductive system located between the bladder and  penis. Urethra passes through the middle of the prostate carries urine out of the body. Prostate secretes a fluid that nourishes sperm.  While ejaculating prostate releases a fluid into the urethra and it is secreted with sperm as semen. […]

The ureter was a tube that will drains the urine from the kidney down to the bladder. In some cases, a portion of the ureter will be narrowed, which was called as stricture. This may be congenital, or the result of scarring from the earlier surgery, urinary stones and may be of other causes. Ureteral […]

Patients who are suffering with malignant ureteric obstruction & poor life expectancy generally requires for placement of ureteral stents to reduce the urinary obstruction & as a palliative measure to relive the pain and avoid major surgeries. Metallic ureteric stents has recently been developed to offer and try better relief of obstruction compared to polymeric (polyurethane) […]

A rectovaginal fistula was a abnormal connection in between the lower portion of the large intestine — rectum & the vagina. Bowel contents may leak through the fistula, allowing stool or gas to pass through the vagina. CAUSES: A rectovaginal fistula will be result from: Injury which was caused during the childbirth, crohn’s disease or […]

A fistula is formation of a hole or passage in between two organs in your body. If fistula that is formed in the vaginal wall it is called a vaginal fistula. If a vaginal fistula that open into a urinary tract then it is termed as vesico vaginal fistula. This hole may leads to continuous leakage […]

Urge incontinence may occur when you have a strong, sudden need to urinate. The bladder then spasms or squeezes and you lose urine. In a proper functioning bladder, the bladder muscle (detrusor) remains relaxed because the bladder slowly fills up. As the bladder gradually stretched, you will get a feeling to pass urine when the […]

Urethral stenosis is a health condition which was characterized by the blockages in the urethra, the tube which drains urine from the bladder to outside of the body. There are a many causes for this condition, and assortment of treatments is available, depending on the main cause. Generally, this condition is identified and diagnosed by the urologist, […]

Ureterostomy is a surgical treatment done for a artificial opening through the abdominal wall (called as a stoma) from the ureter. It is formed to allow drainage of urine from one or both ureters (the tubes which are running from the kidneys to the bladder). This process may be required when bladder is removed for the […]

The incidence of nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) is increasing worldwide. Out of 100 people 9 are expected to get kidney stone in their life time. Kidney stones are solid masses (or) pebbles made by crystals of salt and minerals formed within the kidney or urinary tract. Low fluid intake results to dehydration and it is the […]

bladder pain syndrome (BPS)is also called as Interstitial cystitis (IC)/ is a chronic bladder medical issue. It was a feeling of pressure and pain in the bladder area. Along with this pain there will be symptoms related to lower urinary tract which will last more than 6 weeks, with no infections or other clear causes. […]

Fistula is the communication or contact between two epithelialized surfaces. Coming to colovesical fistula it is the presence of a communication among the lumen of the colon and that of the bladder, either directly or by indirect intervening abscess cavity. Colovesical fistula was the main general type of fistula related along with diverticular disease of the colon. […]